Present Perfect Tense
The Present Perfect это конструкция, которая показывает, что действие было закончено перед настоящим. То есть это описание законченного действия с точки зрения настоящего.
PERFECT здесь означает - законченный, завершённый, оконченный, совершённый.
Эту конструкцию используют, когда хотят сказать о:
• Действиях, которые произошли в неустановленное время до настоящего
• Действиях, которые закончились недавно
• Состояниях, которые начались в прошлом и ещё продолжаются
Примечание: это более широкое использование этой конструкции.
Она обычно используется с состояниями, а не с действиями.
Действия, которые произошли в неустановленное время до настоящего
He has learned how to ride a horse.
He has fixed the light.
They have called 5 times already.
She has bought a hat.
She has grown so much.
She has become such a good secretary.
He has never done it before.
Действия, которые закончились недавно
She has broken the vase.
He has just seen the news.
He has already caught the ball.
She has bought some food for us.
He has lost his clothes.
Состояниях, которые начались в прошлом и ещё продолжаются
Примечание: это более широкое использование этой конструкции.
Она обычно используется с состояниями, а не с действиями.
He has been sick since Saturday
He has had this motorbike for 5 years.
He has always liked him.
They have lived here for a long time.
Типичные слова, с которыми употребляется
| Перед настоящим | Недавно | До сих пор |
| ever | recently | since |
| never | lately | for |
| once | already | |
| 3 times | just | |
| so far | yet | |
| before | ||
| in the last week | ||
| in the previous year |
Построение конструкции
Повествовательное предложение
Positive Sentences
| Подлежащее | Форма сказуемого | Пример |
| I | have Participle(II) | I have written a book. |
| He/She/It | has Participle(II) | He has written a book. She has written a book. It has rained since this morning. |
| You | have Participle(II) | You have written a book. |
| We | We have written a book. | |
| They | They have written a book. |
Отрицательное предложение
Negative Sentences
| Подлежащее | Форма сказуемого | Пример |
| I | have not Participle(II) haven't Participle(II) |
I have not written a book. I haven't written a book. |
| He/She/It | has not Participle(II) hasn't Participle(II) |
He has not written a book. He hasn't written a book. She has not written a book. She hasn't written a book. It has not rained since this morning It hasn't rained since this morning |
| You | have not Participle(II) haven't Participle(II) |
You have not written a book. You haven't written a book. |
| We | We have not written a book. We haven't written a book. |
|
| They | They have not written a book. They haven't written a book. |
Вопросительное предложение
Question Sentences
| Первая часть сказуемого | Подлежащее | Вторая часть сказуемого | Пример |
| Have | I | Participle(II) | Have I written a book? |
| Has | he/She/It | Has he written a book? Has she written a book? Has it rained since this morning? |
|
| Have | you | Have you written a book? | |
| we | Have we written a book? | ||
| they | Have they written a book? |
Present Perfect примеры предложений
Действия, которые произошли в неустановленное время до настоящего
I have been to Tokyo.
How many times have you been to Tokyo?
She has learned to speak Russian.
Stacy has become very successful.
How has she done it?
They have never eaten there before.
You have changed so much!
I haven't changed one bit.
She hasn't found the time yet.
We have seen this movie ten times.
I don't believe we have met. My name is David.
Have you cleaned your room yet?
She has never been so surprised.
Действия, которые закончились недавно
I have just sold the last one.
Sue has broken the glass.
How has she done it?
Mom has just found out about it, and she is not pleased.
They have already won. Let's go home.
I have made a special dish just for you.
She hasn't finished her homework yet.
Состояниях, которые начались в прошлом и ещё продолжаются
Примечание: это более широкое использование этой конструкции.
Она обычно используется с состояниями, а не с действиями.
I have thought about it for two hours.
You have been sick since last week.
Since when have you been sick?
I have not been quite myself since the accident.
Kelly has had cats since I can remember.
Sophie has always loved shopping.
Taylor has lived here since 1992.
Present Perfect Story 1
Who are they? What have they done?
What has happened?
Linda has just walked outside with Grandmother. She wears an apron. So far, she has finished cleaning and washing. She has also gathered seeds and crumbs.
Now Linda and Grandmother are outside. Linda has just dropped some seeds on the ground to feed the birds. The birds have not come yet.
Recently, Grandmother has moved in with Linda's family. She now enjoys living with them.
Grandmother has already sat down on the bench. She also wears an apron. She has just finished cooking.
Present Perfect Story 2
Who is she? What has she done? What has happened?
Recently, it has snowed in Maria's town. In the last week, it has snowed three times. Maria has always loved the snow. She has played in the snow many times before.
Maria's dog, Sparky, has never played in the snow. This is Sparky's first snow. He has not felt the cold yet.
Maria has just received a new sled for Christmas. She puts on her warm clothes and snow boots. She pulls the sled up the hill. Sparky has run outside with Maria. Sparky has followed Maria up the hill. He feels good!
Maria has finally reached the top. She sits on her sled. She rides down the hill. Sparky runs beside the sled. They have finally reached the bottom. Sparky has followed Maria all the way down the hill. Sparky has decided that he likes the snow too!
Present Perfect Story 3
Who are they? What have they done?
What has happened?
Roger and Melinda have owned their sailboat for 10 years. During that time, they have sailed together many times. They have sailed to lots of places.
They have sailed on the Pacific Ocean. They have also sailed on the Atlantic Ocean. They have even sailed around the Gulf of Mexico twice. However, they have never sailed on the Arctic Ocean or Indian Ocean.
In the last year, Roger and Melinda have sailed around the Hawaiian Islands and across the Hudson Bay. Roger and Melinda love to travel in their sailboat!
Present Perfect Story 4
Who is he? What will he have done?
What will have happened?
Mable Jones lives in Florida in the United States. Her grandchildren live in London, England. They have lived in London for 3 years. Mable has not seen her grandchildren in over a year.
She has talked to her grandchildren on the phone and through e-mails many times. She has also seen pictures of her grandchildren. They have grown so much since the last time they visited America.
Mable knits scarves and blankets to send to her grandchildren in London. So far, she has knitted two large blankets for her granddaughters. She has also knitted a scarf for each grandchild.